My internship at the NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
central office is going well. Most of my time has been spent at a desk
doing all sorts of things, but a few times I’ve been allowed outside!
About a month ago, I got to head to an old sub-office of the central
office, found in Delmar. NOW this facility is just home to the state’s
pathology unit, as well as a lot of stored items. In years past though,
this is where the Bureau of Wildlife was housed. The reason I went, was
to get some educational supplies together for a festival I went to and
worked a DEC educational table. We were digging around in the storage
unit, finding all sorts of interesting pieces of equipment, signage,
traps, and anything else you could possibly imagine field biologists
needing when working with wildlife.
We then headed into the basement of the main building. Stephen King
should come down to Delmar for a visit and check out this building. It’s
a bit creepy down there, and very clinical feeling. A lot of stainless
steel, and large, suspended overhead lighting. If only the walls could
talk…
We were in search of a well-preserved bear skull in good condition to
bring with us, so visitors to the festival could check it out. In a
different storage area, which is a large walk-in cooler/freezer no
longer climate-controlled, we found what we were looking for. There is a
large collection of bear skulls that were part of a long-ago study. We
had so many to choose from, we just had to open shoe box-sized boxes and
check out the quality of the skull within. Almost immediately, my eye
was drawn to one box in particular. I’m not sure why, it was in the same
box color and size as all the others, but I just chose one randomly
from the middle of a stack. When I read the writing, I realized what a
prize I had picked.
It said:
Aged 41 3/4 +/- 1 years old – Oldest N.Y. age to date. Shot 30 November 1974.
THAT is an old bear! Especially because it was living in the wild! I
wonder how much longer this bruin would have lived, had it not been
shot?
What I’m particularly interested in sharing with you, is the quality
of this bear’s teeth, and sneak in a little bit of education too, if I
may!
First I’ll begin with the taxonomy of the American black bear, which
is how the animal is classified. All KNOWN living organisms are
classified by first Kingdom, then: Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,
Species. There are other sub-levels in between all of those major
levels, but to keep this simple (and to be honest I don’t understand
anything more complex), I’m keeping to the KPCOFGS.
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Basic American black bear taxonomy.
Table created by Alyssa Johnson
for the purposes of this blog.
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You’ll notice that the
Order that the black bear
belongs to, is Carnivora. We think of bears (we have three species in
North America: black bears, grizzly/brown bears (
Ursus arctos), and polar bears (
Ursus maritimus))
as ferocious meat-eaters. For our black bears, this simply is not true.
This is not to say that black bears won’t exhibit “ferocious” behavior,
and won’t eat meat- they will do both if necessary. But according to
countless books and peer-reviewed articles I’ve pored over this summer,
90% of the black bear’s diet typically is vegetative matter, at least
for bears in our neck o’ the woods. They eat berries, leaves, tender
stems, mast (acorns, nuts, etc), roots, and cambium (inner layer of bark
sometimes called sapwood). They really are opportunistic scavengers,
who eat anything edible. While it is in their nature, to be predatory,
yet they often don’t actively seek out or hunt live prey. Where as
grizzly and polar bears seek out meat actively (polars even more so) by
hunting, black bears rarely do so. A common “live meat” I’ve come across
the black bears feasting on, is often newborn deer, moose, and elk
calves while they are nestled down shortly after birth.
I feel, and many bear biologists likely agree, that perhaps black
bears should not be considered in the Order Carnivora. But, many animals
are categorized by their dentition, or teeth. And black bears CERTAINLY
have the long canines that other carnivores have. But what they also
have, are really well developed molars in the back of their mouths.
These wide teeth are adapted for grinding plant matter, not slicing
meat.
I realize all of this talk of bear classification may seem to be
straying from the topic about this really old bear skull I found in DEC
storage, but trust me, I’m coming back to it.
Below are pictures of a much younger black bear, than the old bear
first mentioned. I don’t know the exact age, but I do know that it is an
adult. I am including a few pictures of it for comparison.
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An adult black bear skull
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And below is the old bear’s skull!
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An adult black bear skull
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Now it’s very apparent that the quality of these skulls is different.
Perhaps it’s the way that the older one was cleaned, maybe something
caustic was used. Maybe it’s just time that’s aged the bone. But what I
want you to look at are the teeth.
Check out those canines! The poor old bear was somehow managing to
forage and feed with ground down nubs. And it appears the root of that
canine was exposed! I can only imagine how uncomfortable that must have
been. The younger adult bear on the right has beautiful, intact teeth
still. These canines though, typically used by carnivores to get a hold
of their prey and hang on so it can’t escape. But, like I said above,
black bears are primarily plant-eaters. Plants don’t move too fast. What
I have read though, is that they use these powerful, sharp teeth in
conjunction with their claws to get into logs for bees, ants, grubs,
etc. I’ve witnessed, with my very own eyes, a bear tear into a log, and
it was like it was made out of tissue!
Below are pictures of the molars, with striking contrasts between the ages.
Texture is difficult to portray in a 2 dimensional image, but I think
you can see the smoothness of the old bear’s molars, and the points in
the younger bear’s. The dark coloration is dentine poking through the
enamel. Animals that eat vegetation often exhibit this. White-tailed
deer, in fact, can be aged by the quality and quantity of dentine
showing on the teeth. After 40 + years of eating all sorts of things,
this bear’s teeth are showing it.
I wonder, had that old bear not been taken by a hunter, how much
longer he or she could have lived with teeth in that condition. In
Minnesota, a biologist by the name of Karen Noyce has been monitoring a
bear – a really old bear – since the early 1980s. She claims this bear
is the oldest living wild bear ever. Well, of course whoever aged “my”
old bear could be wrong, but perhaps she’ll see this article and be
interested in one of NY’s oldest bruins. For a recent article, check
out:
World’s oldest wild bear.
Some of that bear’s teeth are missing as well. I don’t remember
seeing them in the box, like they had fallen out after the skull was
cleaned. You can see the crater where that upper canine should be, it’s
almost like the bone dissolved. There might have been some trauma to the
bear’s face, and it lost the tooth. That’s just my speculation though
of course.
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41 + year old bear skull showing missing teeth
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It’s really interesting to have such a stark contrast in ages to look
at. Skulls fascinate me, and are a great ‘hands-on’ piece that have
made their way into many of my classes. The bone structure and dentition
can tell us so much about how the animal lives. I was glad to come
across this record bruin and to be able to share the pictures!
I’ve been collecting skulls over the past year or so. I have this
collection, and it is kind of morbid, but I promise they are not
displayed in my living room. I’m slowly building a collection of native
critters, so that when I do educational presentations, I can share the
animal skulls. I don’t have a black bear skull yet for my collection,
and I certainly won’t be hunting bear anytime soon. Perhaps one will
come to me somehow, until then I just have these cool pictures.
Thanks for sticking through a long entry, it was worth it though, right?!
